Analog and electronic circuits

Which circuit adds two voltages with opposite temperature coefficients to create a reference voltage of about 1.2 V that hardly depends on temperature?

  1. APLL
  2. BMixer
  3. CBandgap reference
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Answer: C. Bandgap reference

The base-emitter voltage falls as temperature rises, while the difference between the VBE of two transistors rises in proportion to temperature. Adding them in the right ratio cancels the temperature coefficients and yields a stable voltage of about 1.2 V, close to silicon's band gap. It is used as the reference voltage in ADCs and power supplies.

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